Alcoli: Nomenclatura e Classificazione

Alcoli: Nomenclatura e Classificazione

IL GRUPPO OSSIDRILE

Gli alcoli, i fenoli e gli eteri sono tre classi di composti organici che possono essere considerati derivati organici dell’acqua, in cui uno o entrambi gli atomi di idrogeno dell’acqua sono sostituiti da gruppi alchilici o arilici.

Gli alcoli sono derivati dell’acqua per sostituzione di un atomo di idrogeno con un sostituente alchilico. Il gruppo -OH, detto ossidrile, è il gruppo caratteristico degli alcoli. Il gruppo -OH negli alcoli è legato a un carbonio ibridato sp3

Gli alcoli sono composti caratterizzati dalla presenza del gruppo funzionale idrossido o ossidrile -OH legato a un atomo di carbonio ibridato sp3

La formula molecolare generale:

 R – OH

R è un gruppo alchilico che può essere saturo o insaturo.

NOMENCLATURA DEGLI ALCOLI

Gli alcol si distinguono in alcoli saturi e alcol insaturi.

Gli alcoli saturi sono composti formati da una catena di atomi di carbonio lineare o ramificata, legata da legami semplici e dal gruppo funzionale ossidrile -OH

Le regole IUPAC per gli alcoli saturi prevedono:

1. scelta della catena di atomi di carbonio più lunga fra quelle che portano il gruppo ossidrilico.

2. la numerazione della catena in modo da attribuire all’atomo di carbonio che porta l’ossidrile il numero più basso possibile.

3. sostituire la desinenza -o dell’alcano nel corrispondente -olo.

Alcuni alcoli sono noti con il nome tradizionale. Questo nome è attribuito dal termine alcol seguito dal nome dell’alcano corrispondente sostituendo il termine -ano con il suffisso -ilico.

Gli alcoli insaturi hanno il gruppo ossidrilico e il doppio o il triplo legame. In questo caso il gruppo ossidrilico (suffisso -olo) ha la priorità sul doppio legame degli alcheni (suffisso -ene) e sul triplo legame degli alchini (suffisso -ino). Il nome agli alcoli insaturi è dato:

1. dal numero che indica la posizione del legame multiplo

2. nome dell’idrocarburo insaturo

3. numero che indica la posizione del gruppo -OH, seguito dal suffisso -olo

Esempi:

Gli alcoli insaturi sono composti nei quali sono presenti il gruppo ossidrile -OH e un legame multiplo, doppio o triplo.

Classificazione degli alcoli

Gli alcoli saturi e insaturi si distinguono in alcoli primari, secondari e terziari a seconda del numero di gruppi alchilici legati al carbonio che porta l’ossidrile.

Alcol primario: se al carbonio che porta l’ossidrile è legato un gruppo alchlico

 

 Alcol secondario: se al carbonio che porta l’ossidrile sono legati due gruppi alchilici

 

 Alcol terziario: se al carbonio che porta l’ossidrile sono legati 3 gruppi alchilici

 

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    Gli alcoli sono derivati dell’acqua per sostituzione di un atomo di idrogeno con un sostituente alchilico. Il gruppo -OH, detto ossidrile, è il gruppo caratteristico degli alcoli. Il gruppo -OH negli alcoli è legato a un carbonio ibridato sp3.

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    It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus
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